Returning to School free essay sample

Returning to school after being out of school for 25 years can be a challenge in many ways. At times, it looks daunting and almost impossible. However, decisions like this are not made overnight. Neither are steps like this taken without some kind of preparation. Over time, there has been much physical, emotional and academic preparation. Physical preparation for this course was probably the easiest part of preparation. First of all, there has been research into to which college is the est. fit for the goals that are desired to be obtained.In addition, several colleagues at work have returned to work and have told of the time that will be needed to obtain this goal. They have been an invaluable resource in telling how to physically juggle working full time plus going to school. That has been the greatest preparation for the physical demands: Watching my colleagues. Other physical demands, such as computer needs, internet connections, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Returning to School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , Walden has been very good at being forth coming about what is needed for those things. It is helpful to know how to structure life.Colleagues at work are helpful in knowing the best way to obtain books, sources to look for information, and other physical demands that will arise in this academic journey. To become emotionally prepared has been much more challenging. Had hoped that I would never have to return to school. I have obtained specialized trainings, certifications, and other skills with the hopes of not returning to school because it seemed like such a daunting task. However, for the past two to three years, have started to see that the Netscape of nursing is changing. I have realized that to continue to grow professionally and personally I am going to need my bachelors degree. This realization of professional need has helped prepare me emotionally. Have spent the past two years looking into what is required to go back to school. I have also spent time observing how others who are my peers and who are also in school observing are managing the process. I figured, If they can do it, then so can l. It is also a challenge to prepare academically. Studying is not a difficult task. For me, the hardest struggle has been to write a paper. In todays learning environment, the process is entirely online and majority of the process is about writing. My weakest subject has always been English. I have never used PAP format. Therefore, this thought is single greatest component that has kept me from returning to school. It is a great relief to spend time learning about the writing center and the resources they have to offer. Have spent time listening to the webzines and plan to access different parts of the writing centers help during my time at Walden. Other colleagues have told me Of resources they have used to help them in this area. One day, at the pharmacy, even my pharmacist and her assistant offered to proof-read my papers for me! So, I feel like I have more support in these areas than I had at one time. Returning to school is a life altering decision. It takes lots of adjustment and much preparation. I am hoping that the preparation have made in all ways- physically, emotionally and academically will help me be a success on my journey at Walden University.

Compare how channel 4 and the BBC target youth audience Essays

Compare how channel 4 and the BBC target youth audience Essays Compare how channel 4 and the BBC target youth audience Essay Compare how channel 4 and the BBC target youth audience Essay Different institutions target the youth audience in different ways. Depending on whether teenagers are there specific target or not. Through out the various channels there appears to be a common trend. This refers predominantly to the BBC as an institution who follows traditional notions of programming based on time. This is in contrast with channel 4 whose sole aim is to target a youth audience, and therefore repeat programmes throughout the day which will most likely do just that. When analysing the BBC more closely the common trend becomes very apparent. BBC1 for instance between the times of 6am to roughly 3pm target predominately an older audience, perhaps of a working class with programming such as cash in the attic and Bargain hunt. Both dealing with the similar notion of how to make money. These particular programmes would fail to seize a youth audience. However due to the traditional ideologies of this particular institution, teenagers are not targeted until at least 5pm which is the time you would expect these young adults to recline in front of the telly. Programming such as The slammer begins to draw in that all important youth audience. Dealing with issues of a controversial nature, such as crime, and in this case prison, is always used as a major weapon to engage teenagers as the idea of rebelling is common amongst the young adults. This idea is also followed throughout BBC2, however more heavily applied as most programmes before and after a certain time aim to target a younger audience. Interestingly BBC2 attempts to relate to a youth audience very early on, 7:30am there is a programme named MySay, simply from the title we can tell the target audience. Symbolising independence and a freedom of speech would naturally interest teens. This particular programme deals with a teenagers hatred for homework, which is an issue most teenagers can relate to. I believe broadcasting it at this time supports the traditional notions the BBC uphold. Which would be in this case, teenagers preparing to leave for school. As the evening progresses, the youth audience are again slowly introduced. Using light hearted programmes such as Strictly come dancing to draw them in. Followed by more audience specific programming such as James Mays inventing the teenager. Various comedy shows play throughout the rest of the night, allowing young adults to relax as there is not much focus needed. The Graham Norton Show in particular uses an iconic performer Alesha Dixon to again bring in that all important teen audience. Alesha symbolises youth culture, and represents young peoples love for music. The BBC3 are a lot more subtle in their approach to a youth audience. They use programmes that target a wide range of people, not solely the teens. Programming such as Eastenders is amusingly broadcasted at 10pm. This soap opera in particular draws in a mass audience, as a long running soap it has gained loyal followers and also attempts to add the youth audience to there fan club. Representing young teenagers through there episodes, they attempt to pursue the young adults. BBC3 begins at 7pm, this is key in discovering this institutions target audience. There is no child programming unlike the other two sister channels. All programmes range from the 17-35 age bracket. This idea is supported with programmes such as family guy which seems to be repeatedly played throughout the course of the evening. Family guy is an animation which contains adult humour and bad language. All aspects are key in obtaining a youth audience. In contrast with the BBC we have channel 4 who are well known for targeting predominantly teenagers. This goal is reached in various ways. There choice of programming circulates mostly around the comedy genre. Humour is there key tool in drawing in there audience. Programmes such as the Simpsons and Everybody loves Raymond are light hearted, they dont require a lot of focus, and there sole purpose is to entertain. Entertainment seems to be a significant trait in this channels ideology. Competing with the BBC, channel 4 also broadcast a soap opera Hollyoaks. From this programme it is very clear who this institution aims to target. Hollyoaks has been described as the most exciting teen-drama on television. Eastenders target a mass audience, with characters representing different walks of life; Whereas Hollyoaks is very much focused and uses problematic teenage storylines to keep that all important youth audience. More4 being a sister channel of channel 4, follow similar methods in gaining there audience. Revisiting popular and youth culture is essential within there institution. Keeping up to date with news, trends, popular culture and current events assists them in grasping there young audience. These outlines are fulfilled by programmes such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart who looks at news with an alternative point of view. There is also programming which doesnt specifically focus on teenagers, however the use of adult humour draws them in despite the topic. An example of this would be Ramsays Kitchen Nightmares. E4 is the most focused of all channels in targeting the youth audience. It is there sole purpose, and uses repeats of light hearted programming to target this. E4 Music Zone incorporates news, gossip and music. These are all traits of popular culture which is something most teenagers conform to. This programme is repeated from 7. 30am until 9am. Which ties with the BBCs traditional notions of teenagers getting ready for school. Series seem to feature heavily on this channel, series such as one tree hill and scrubs. Both are essential in gaining a young audience. Focusing on friendships, relationships and problems along the way are all issues that young people feel they can relate to. This similar programming is repeated throughout the day, until 10:30pm where a movie is broadcasted. In this case it is Mean Girls. This film represents the battle of wanting to fit in, at the same time as succeeding in education. Again a very focused and audience specific programme.

Evaluate Key Developments of the Cold War Essay

Evaluate Key Developments of the Cold War - Essay Example The race for nuclear arms capability dominated the 1950s and 1960s and it led to tension between these two countries, tension which translated to what is now known as the Cold War. This paper shall evaluate key developments of the Cold War from the Truman Administration through the Kennedy Administration. It will discuss whether or not the Cold War was actually inevitable. In addition, this paper will consider the domestic concerns in the United States during the 1950s, including McCarthyism, domesticity, and civil rights. The first part of this paper will present an overview of the Cold War. Secondly, major developments from Truman’s to Kennedy’s administration shall be presented. Thirdly, the inevitability of the Cold War will also be discussed. Lastly, an overall analysis and conclusion shall be established. Body Overview The post war era brought about a time where the US was starting to emerge as a superpower. It also presented a time where democratic principles wer e tested with various civil rights violations. At this point, the need to uphold these civil rights became an important part of American lives (Chafe, et.al., 2011). When the Second World War ended in 1945, journalist George Orwell used the term cold war in his essay â€Å"You and the Atomic bomb.† In his article, he believed that the world was now amidst a threat of a nuclear war, one which had the capability of obliterating human life on the planet (Orwell, 1945). He discussed how world politics seems to be founded on a view or belief prevailing in a state which was powerful and in a constant state of cold war with other countries (Orwell, 1945). Such ‘cold war’ was soon observed with Russia’s attitude towards Britain, including its empire. American economist Bernard Baruch was one of the first to refer to such cold war in relation to the US and the USSR (Gaddis, 2005). Soon enough, the term had a wider usage, especially with the release of Walter Lippma n’s book â€Å"The Cold War.† The USSR has not always been on ideal relations with its neighbors and with the US, mostly because of its socialist political platform (Gaddis, 2005). Although they were allies during the Second World War, it was only a temporary alliance, mostly borne out of the need for self-preservation. As soon as WWII ended however, the Soviet Union returned to its tense political relationship with Europe and the US (Gaddis, 2005). The possibility of gaining military might over other countries also became an added source of tension during the Cold War. Truman to Kennedy In 1947, President Harry Truman was advised to consider major policy changes in response to Russia’s efforts to gain political and military dominance (Chafe, 2003). America’s response was to adopt a containment policy with the primary goal of preventing the spread of communism (Friedman, 2007). Truman’s policy and decisions were all embodied under the Truman doctri ne, a doctrine which also condemned socialist and totalitarian power. Most of Europe was very supportive of Truman’s doctrine, however, some European and American communists being supported by the KGB adhered to the principles which the Soviet Union laid out (Friedman, 2007). In 1947, the US, Britain and France sought to establish an accord with the USSR on how best to handle a post-war Germany. The Marshall Plan was able to establish a working agreement among the countries, eventually dividing Germany and Berlin into four territories to be controlled by each ally (Gaddis, 2005).

Comparing internet search engines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing internet search engines - Essay Example Excite does have such categorization; however the classification with regard to sponsored links and common links are not evident from the search engine. The usability of Alta Vista is larger than Excite. Page layout is better in Alta Vista than Excite. It scores better in usability as per Neilson (2007) which stresses on white background and blue in the pages. The standard links in blue also make a large impact in determining the visibility of the links on the white background. Use of wildcards is quite evident in Alta Vista which is one of the prime features in this search engine. The use of wild cards would not result in any search help in Excite as the feature is not visible. The proximity of searching is done for fetching the closest words near to the meaning of the words to be searched. The idea is to search the relative keywords for the words supplied for searching. The feature of large importance is the search results. It is justified in case of Excite to have so less search results, that the connector element is OR, so it puts an OR clause between every keyword which makes it vulnerable to search less. This is one of the biggest disadvantages of Excite. On the other hand, Alta Vista puts an AND clause in between the words to search the topic and ensure that all the various searches are enlisted at large. This provides a very close match for the topic. The page payout is simple and search results are faster in Alta vista in spite of its display of million records. In comparison, some of the links and features like the drop down button at the top left corner of the Excite search give an error page. Hyperlinks follow standard HTML conventions; they are blue and underlined providing clarity to the user. Links are self-describing and adhere to the heuristic guideline speak the users language (Singh, 2003). A point of difference is that, Excite uses other search engines for displaying content and this is evident from the option it

Disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disabilities - Essay Example It simply means we are calling ourselves " abled". The Smith College Office of Student Affairs issued a pamphlet that defines "ableism" as "oppression of the differently abled, by the temporarily abled." The term "differently abled" was "created to underline the concept that differently abled individuals are just that, not less or inferior in any way..." "Ageism," according to the pamphlet, is "[o] oppression of the young and old, by young adults and the middle-aged, in the belief that others are 'incapable' or unable to take care of themselves." Disability should be perceived as an aspect of human diversity and not as an "abnormality". Terms like" differently abled" not only aim at being politically correct but also serve to remove physical and attitudinal barriers in various aspects of life. Literature and media has forever used words terms describing differently abled peolple that have negative, de-personalizing connotations and reinforce the stigma of these people and promote the idea of summing up a persons identity with a disability that he/she has. The sense of superiority and the illusion of power in us stems from our inflated egos because we take our lives and our living for granted. The "what -if-I was -one -of -them" factor never crosses our mind. We fail to realize that our bodies are not an everlasting bunch of tissues. Each cell in our bodies has a fixed life span and if the cell dies before we do, it results in disability. The condition of wellness we presently enjoy is not permanent but just a passing phase. We are al "temporary abled bodies" which means if we are lucky enough to live long enough , each one of us will come to face with a disability which is an inevitable part of ageing and degenerative process provided we don't meet with an accident or illness before that! Disability is an integral part of human existence and the only difference lies in the number of "disabled years" that we live. For some it might be their entire lifetime and for others it might be just the last few days of their existence. Indeed, m ost of us will experience disability in ourselves or in someone close to us at some point in our lives and we too will have to reach out to others - to family, friends, neighbors, strangers and even the government for a helping hand. We must understand that our distance from disability closes every second we live. This may sound as a morose and debilitating statement and very pessimistic too but that should not stop us from living our lives and fulfilling our dreams in anticipation of a life of chronic pain ahead! If we find it difficult to expand our definition of "normal" so much so that it accommodates what we call "disabled", I think it makes more sense to call ourselves" temporarily abled". This would place every human being on an equal platform with no obstacle to the right to fully participate in the society. It would also broaden the general perspective regarding "norms" which we have established for a normal, healthy and fulfilling existence. Research has shown that approximately 3% of all children born globally will be uniquely different - born to this world challenged in extraordinary ways. Also, one out of five adults between the ages of 45 and 65 will experience some form of disability for an extended period, and that 43 % of those over age 65 will

Effect Of Vibration On Solder Joint Reliability Engineering Essay

Effect Of Vibration On Solder Joint Reliability Engineering Essay CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION SOLDER JOINT IN ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES Circuit boards range from simple single moulded plastic boards with copper conductors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with copper conductors, each layer being separated by a dielectric and interconnected by metal conductors. Minimum line width and spacing between lines is less than 100  µm. The board typically is made from a composite such as an epoxy with layered sheets of woven fibreglass. The dielectric material between layers of conductors is usually a polymer, for example polyimide. To maintain solder ability, the exposed copper may be coated with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder overcoat. Components are attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be further protected against moisture, contamination, and mechanical damage by a cover coat. 1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURE Solder joints are widely used in the electronic packaging industry to produce good electrical, thermal, and mechanical connections between the package and the printed circuit board. Eighty percentage of the mechanical failure in airborne and automation electronic caused by vibration and shock. Design appropriate measure to ensure the survival equipment in the shock and vibration environment is necessary to do so. Remaining 20 percentage of mechanical failure related to thermal stresses resulting from high thermal gradients, coefficient of thermal expansion and high coefficient of elasticity. Solder joint failure occur in several reasons: Poor design of the solder joint A bad solder joint treatment Solder material Excessive stress applied to solder joints. In general, however, the solder joint failure are simply ranked according to the ature of stress that have caused. Most joint failure fall into three major categories: Fatigue failure due to cyclic stress application Due to the implementation of a long term or permanent load The stress is due to overloading in the short term Reflow profile also has a significant role on solder joint reliablity. because It also has a high influence micro structure of the solder joint. Vibration failure of solder joints is often assessed for reliability using high accelerated life test, which is represented by a GRMS- time curve. For surface mount microelectronic components, an approximation of printed circuit board (PCB) model analysis can be made by assuming PCB as a bare unpopulated thin plate because the increase in stiffness of PCB due to the mounting of the components is approximately offset by the increase in total mass of the populated PCB [2]. However, this approximation can lead to errors in natural frequency prediction for different package profiles, for flip-chip-on-board (FCOB) and plastic-ball-grid-array (PBGA) assemblies [3,4]. When the component has small profile, the approximation of PCB assembly as a bare PCB can provide satisfactory modal analysis results because the stiffness and mass contribution of small component to PCB assembly is not significant. In this study, varying G-level random vibration tests for PCB assembly were conducted. In order to assess the reliability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to conduct the dynamic analysis. A global-local modeling approach [4-6] was used. The analyses by Basaran [7,8], Chandaroy [9] and Zhao et al. [10] show that solder joint deformation is in the elastic range for vibration loading. The global-local or submodeling method [11-13] has been used for the board level FE simulation. In this study, four different model cases were investigated for FEA modal analysis to calculate the first order natural frequency of the FCOB assembly. A quasi-static analysis approach was conducted for the FCOB assembly to evaluate the stress strain behavior of the solder joints. A harmonic analysis was also investigated to study the dynamic response of the FCOB assembly subjected to vibration load. Fatigue life prediction results from the quasi-static analysis and harmonic analysis approaches were compared to the test results. 1.3 PROJECT PURPOSE In this modern world due to the causes of health and environmental issues the electronic manufacturing industries facing a challenging problem of necessity to produce reliable solder products in very high density with very low cost. Solder joints are very important to the reliability of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). This is a one of the leading factor in transmission of electrical and thermal connections. In case of every PCB even a smaller solder joints are very important. So this project investigates the Effect of Vibration on Solder Joint Reliability in Electronics Assembly Applications. Solder joint of a Electronic assembly is very important measurement because of This model based study might help engineers effectively improve the PCB mechanical design and thus improve reliability of electronics attached to the PCB by considering realistic uncertainties and adverse vibration environments. CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING Vibration sine on random testing is performed by superimposing a sine wave on top of a random environment. A sine on random vibration test duplicates the combined environment of a spinning helicopter blade with its distinct resonant levels and the rest of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced vibration. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine vibration while the rest of the aircraft generates random excitations. These types of tests are duplicating vibration characterized by dominant peaks (sinusoids) superimposed on a broadband background Another variation would be a swept sine on random test. 2.2 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTING Dynamic deflections of materials caused by vibration can cause a host of problems and malfunctions including failed electrical components, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken structures, excessive electrical noise, electrical shorts, chafed wiring. Because sine vibration is basically a certain fundamental frequency and the harmonics of that fundamental, in its pure state, this type of vibration is generated by a limited but significant number of sources. Expressed as amplitude versus frequency, sine vibration is the type of vibration generated in the field by sources such as engine rotational speeds, propeller and turbine blade passage frequencies, rotor blade passage and launch vehicles. While much of real world vibration is random, sine vibration testing accomplishes several important goals in product qualification and testing. Much material and finished product was modeled on some type of sine vibe signature. A sine sweep of frequencies will determine whether the assumptions were correct and if the deviations are significant enough to cause design changes. In other words, sweep will establish if the anticipated frequency has been met and/or discovers the test item fundamental frequency. Similarly, a sweep will help identify the test subject resonance frequencies, which may be the points at which the item experiences particularly stressful deflections. By dwelling at those frequencies in subsequent tests, premature failures due to the properties of the material may come to light before the items sees field use. Some of the following tests include fixed frequency at higher levels of the controlling variable (displacement, velocity, acceleration), and random vibration . Per customer request, NTS will run sweeps in one direction, decreasing, increasing or bi-directionally and can change frequency logarithmically or linearly. Another typical sinusoidal vibration test, sine burst such as the teardrop, goes rapidly to peak pulse and then decays at lower rate (to prevent damage to the unit). The burst test puts a maximum load into an article at a rapid rate and particularly stresses joints and seams to identify workmanship and design issues. 2.3RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING The legitimacy of random vibration s an effective tool of screening work man ship defects came about during manufacturing. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during reliability testing. Pure sinusoidal vibration is composed of a single frequency at any given time. Comparisons tests revealed that to equal the effectiveness of random vibration. The test item will have to be subjected to many sine frequencies over a longer period of time, and may unintentionally fatigue the test item. Random vibrations undercover defect faster. 2.4 Real world simulation. Most vibration in real world is random for example a vehicle travelling over road experience random vibration from the road irregularities. A ground launched rocket vehicle experiences non stationary vibration during its flight the motor ignites the rocket travel through the atmosphere , the motor burn ends and so forth even in wing when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random vibration. Random vibration is composed of multitude of continues spectrum of frequencies. Motion varies randomly with time. It can be presented in the domain by a power spectral density function [G2/Hz]. HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING (HALT) Exposes the product to a step-by-step cycling in environmental variables such as temperature, shock and vibration. HALT involves vibration testing in all three axes using a random mode of frequencies. Finally, HALT testing can include the simultaneous cycling of multiple environmental variables, for example, temperature cycling plus vibration testing. This multi-variable testing approach provides a closer approximation of real-world operating environments. Unlike conventional testing, the goal of HALT testing is to break the product. When the product fails, the weakest link is identified, so engineers know exactly what needs to be done to improve product quality. After a product has failed, the weak component(s) are upgraded or reinforced. The revised product is then subjected to another round of HALT testing, with the range of temperature, vibration, or shock further increased, so the product fails again. This identifies the next weakest link. By going through several iterations like this, the product can be made quite robust. With this informed approach, only the weak spots are identified for improvement. This type of testing provides so much information about the construction and performance of a product, that it can bequite helpful for newer engineers assigned to a product with which they are not completely familiar. HALT testing must be performed during the design phase of a product to make sure the basic design is reliable. But it is important to note that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made engineering prototypes. At Trace, we have found that HALT testing should also be performed on actual production units, to ensure that the transition from engineering design to production design has not resulted in a loss of product quality or robustness. Some engineers may consider this approach as scientifically reasonable, but financially unrealistic. However, the cost of HALT testing is much less than the cost of field failures HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING (HASS) HASS testing is an on-going screening test, performed on regular production units. Here, the idea is not to damage the product, but rather to verify that actual production units continue to operate properly when subjected to the cycling of environmental variables used during the HASS test. The limits used in HASS testing are based on a skilled interpretation of the HALT testing parameters. The importance of HASS testing can be appreciated when one considers todays typical manufacturing scenario. Circuit boards are purchased from a vendor who uses materials purchased from other vendors. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from manufacturers all over the world. Often, the final assembly of the product is performed by a subcontractor. This means that the quality of the final product is a function of the quality (or lack thereof) of all the components, materials, and processes which are a part of that final product. These components, materials, and processes can and do change over time, thereby affecting the quality and reliability of the final product. The best way to ensure that production units continue to meet reliability objectives is through HASS testing. RELIABILITY Reliability is defined as the probability that a device will perform its required function under stated conditions for a specific period of time. Predicting with some degree of Confidence is very dependent on correctly defining a number of parameters. For instance, choosing the distribution that matches the data is of primary importance. If a correct distribution is not chosen, the results will not be reliable. The confidence, which depends on the sample size, must be adequate to make correct decisions. Individual component failure rates must be based on a large enough population and relevant to truly reflect present day normal usages. There are empirical considerations, such as determining the slope of the failure rate and calculating the activation energy, as well as environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and vibration. Lastly, there are electrical stressors such as voltage and current. Reliability engineering can be somewhat abstract in that it involves much statist ics; yet it is engineering in its most practical form. Will the design perform its intended mission? Product reliability is seen as a testament to the robustness of the design as well as the integrity of the quality and manufacturing commitments of an organization. One of the fundamentals of understanding a products reliability requires an understanding of the calculation of the failure rate. The traditional method of determining a products failure rate is through the use of accelerated vibration operating life tests performed on a sample of devices. The failure rate obtained on the life test sample is then extrapolated to end-use conditions by means of predetermined statistical models to give an estimate of the failure rate in the field application. Although there are many other stress methods employed by electronic assembly manufacturers to fully characterize a products reliability, the data generated from operating life test sampling is the principal method used by the industry for estimating the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service. Failure Rate (ÃŽÂ ») Measure of failure per unit of time. The useful life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases slightly over early life, then stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should occur beyond useful life. Failure In Time (FIT) Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours; e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours. Total Device Hours (TDH) The summation of the number of units in operation multiplied by the time of operation. Mean Time between failures (MTBF) Reliability is quantified as MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) for repairable product and MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) for non-repairable product. A correct understanding of MTBF is important. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does not mean that the power supply should last for an average of 40,000 hours. According to the theory behind the statistics of confidence intervals, the statistical average becomes the true average as the number of samples increase. An MTBF of 40,000 hours, or 1 year for 1 module, becomes 40,000/2 for two modules and 40,000/4 for four modules. Sometimes failure rates are measured in percent failed per million hours of operation instead of MTBF. The FIT is equivalent to one failure per billion device hours, which is equivalent to a MTBF of 1,000,000,000 hours. The formula for calculating the MTBF is ÃŽÂ ¸ = T/R. ÃŽÂ ¸ = MTBF T = total time R = number of failures MTTF is stands for Mean Time To Failure. To distinguish between the two, the concept of suspensions must first be understood. In reliability calculations, a suspension occurs when a destructive test or observation has been completed without observing a failure. MTBF calculations do not consider suspensions whereas MTTF does. MTTF is the number of total hours of service of all devices divided by the number of devices. It is only when all the parts fail with the same failure mode that MTBF converges to MTTF. ÃŽÂ ³= T/N ÃŽÂ ³ = MTTF T = total time N = Number of units under test. If the MTBF is known, one can calculate the failure rate as the inverse of the MTBF. The formula for (ÃŽÂ ») is: where r is the number of failures. Once a MTBF is calculated, probability can derive from following equation: R(t) = e-t/MTBF Confidence Level or Limit (CL) Probability level at which population failure rate estimates are derived from sample life test. The upper confidence level interval is used. Acceleration Factor (AF) A constant derived from experimental data which relates the times to failure at two different stresses. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated test conditions to use conditions. Since reliability data can be accumulated from a number of different life tests with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate calculation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life test, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 accounts for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the confidence level for the resulting failure rate. THE BATHTUB CURVE The life of a population of units can be divided into three distinct periods. Figure 1 shows the reliability bathtub curve which models the cradle to grave instantaneous failure rates vs. time. If we follow the slope from the start to where it begins to flatten out this can be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failure rate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units die off leaving a population that is more rigorous. This first period is also called infant mortality period. The next period is the flat portion of the graph. It is called the normal life. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this time. It is difficult to predict which failure mode will manifest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice the constant slope. The third period begins at the point where the slope begins to increase and extends to the end of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and begin to fail at an increasing rate. Reliability Predictions Methods A lot of time has been spent on developing procedures for estimating reliability of electronic equipment. There are generally two categories: (1) predictions based on individual failure rates, and (2) demonstrated reliability based on operation of equipment over time. Prediction methods are based on component data from a variety of sources: failure analysis, life test data, and device physics. For some calculations (e.g. military application) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard reliability prediction method. A simple failure rate calculation based on a single life test would follow equation 1. ÃŽÂ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  = failure rate. TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under stress. AF = Acceleration factor, see Equation 3. Since reliability data can be accumulated from a number of different life tests with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate calculation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life test, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 accounts for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the confidence level for the resulting failure rate where, ÃŽÂ » = failure rate in FITs (Number fails in 109 device hours) ÃŽÂ ² = Number of distinct possible failure mechanisms k = Number of life tests being combined xi = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism i = 1, 2, ÃŽÂ ² TDHj = Total device hours of test time for life test j, j = 1, 2, k AFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism, i = 1, 2, k M = ÃŽ2 (ÃŽÂ ±, 2r +2) / 2 where, ÃŽ2 = chi square factor for 2r + 2 degrees of freedom r = total number of failures (ÃŽÂ £ xi) ÃŽÂ ± = risk associated with CL between 0 and 1. 2.2 SOLDER PASTE 2.1.1 ROLE OF SOLDER PASTE IN REFLOWING Solder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composition and a highly grinded, powdered solder metal alloy that is normally used in the electronics industry to soldering processes. And also it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnection features and the PCB itself. The components of a solder paste are specially designed for excellent printing and reflow characteristics. In normal case of the surface mount soldering process involves placing the substrate and a small amount of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connection between the solder pad and the electrical contact of electronics part. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connection between the electronics components and the printed circuit board. 2.1.2 SELECTION CRITERIA OF A SOLDER PASTE Selection of a solder paste is very important factor for reflowing process, reliability its quality. The following factors are considerable for a good solder paste [6]. The size of the solder alloy particles which are in the solder paste The tendency to form voids The properties of the flux medium of the solder paste Alpha particle emission rate The design of the stencil to be used for printing Thermal properties of the solder paste Electrical properties of the solder paste CHAPTER 03 EXPERIMENTS 3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODOLGY SOLDER PASTE Basically I used solder paste in same procedure. The details of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the following table TYPE OF SOLDER PASTE ALLOYS CODING PARTICLE SIZE METAL LOADIND S1 Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 S2 Sn42Bi57Ag1 Table 3.1.1 types of solder paste used in experiment For this project all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and identification on it to distinguish it from the Tin lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a refrigerator between 35 45 F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimum four hours before doing the solder paste printing. Once it has finished the using solder paste must replace to the refrigerator since it can not be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be reducing from the typical six month. The above guidelines are strictly followed in this project. Because it is not only for guarantee the quality of solder paste but also a good way to reduce the errors that may affect the final results of the project. SOLDER PASTE PRINTING IMPORTANT OF SOLDER PASTE PRINTING Surface mount technology (SMT) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface mount components are potentially more reliable products can be designed and manufactured using the SMT. The solder paste stencil printing process is very critical and important step in the surface mount manufacting process. Most of all the soldering defects are due to problems dealing with the screening process. So we want to a major consideration in operation and set up steps in stencil printing process. When we are monitoring these factors carefully we can minimize the defects. The main purpose of printing solder paste on PCB is to supply solder alloy to solder joint to correct amount. That only print must be aligned correctly and can get a perfect component placement. PRINTING PROCESS PARAMETERS Some of the following parameters are very important to printing process. STENCIL Stencils are using for the solder paste slip easily off the aperture edges and thereby secures a uniform print. For this process we using electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have very shape edge and slightly conic. Generally a stencil is mading from cupper or nickel [12]. ENVIRONMENTAL Dust and dirt from the air that will reach the PCBs and stencils can be defects poor wet ability in the reflow soldering process. So PCBs should be stored in sealed packages and cleaned before use. SOLDER PASTE Solder paste characterise must be controlled to achieve a maximum production results. Some of the factors are given below [12]. Percent of metal Viscosity Slump Solder balls Flux activity working life and shelf life STENCIL PRINTING PARAMETERS Stencil printing parameters are very important factors in printing processes to achieve a best yield. The following parameters must be monitors and controlled in a printing process. Squeegee pressure = 8kg Squeegee speed = 20 mm/s Separation speed = 100% Printing gap = 0.0 mm These factors and limit can be adjust for our project purpose SOLDER PASTE PRINTING EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS Figure 3.2.4.1 DEK 260 stencil printing machine The DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to print solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two main functions. Registers the position of the product screen with in the print head Positioning the circuit board below the stencil, to ready for the print cycle. The boards to be print are supported on magnetic tooling and held by vacuum caps arranged on the plate to guarantee the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first step of the experiment is to do the solder paste printing on to the board. In this project unable to get metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by hand, below procedure followed to print PCB Put weights onto the stencil to fix it roll the squeegee over the stencil solder paste presses through the aperture onto PCB separate stencil two circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Totally 4 circuit boards printed. SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS/PROFILE Figure 3.3.1 reflow oven To achieve a good reliable solder joint the reflow process is very important. When doing the reflow with sn-pb solder paste often performed at minimum peak temperature of about 203. It is 20k above the sn pb liquid state temperature. When doing the reflow process with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a minimum peak temperature of 230. It is just 13K above the melting temperature. It is generally accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 220 230. Reflow profile will be affecting the reliability of a solder joint. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic layers in a solder joint. Intermettalic layer is a critical part of a solder joint. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must produce solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer. PREHEAT ZONE In this zone indicates how the temperature is changing fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is usually between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be damage to components from thermal shock. Only In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to evaporate. So if the rise rate is too low the evaporation of flux is not incomplete. This will affect the quality of the solder joint. THERMAL SOAK ZONE It is also called the flux activation zone. In this thermal soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for removal of solder paste and activation of fluxes. Solder spattering and balling will be happen if the temperature is too high or too low. End of this thermal shock zone a thermal equilibrium will complete the entire circuit board. REFLOW ZONE In this reflow zone only the maximum temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to consider about the peak temperature that is the maximum allowable temperature of entire process. It is very important to monitor this maximum temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may cause damage to the internal dies of SMT components and a block to the growth of intermetalic bonds. we have to consider the profile time also. If time exceeds than the manufactures specification it also affect the circuit boards quality. 3.3.4 COOLING ZONE In the reflow process the last zone is cooling zone. A proper cooling inhabits excess intermetallic formation or thermal shock to the components. Generally the cooling zone temperature range is 30 100. In this project I selected the following temperature profiles. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free soldering. Zone 1 220 Zone 2 180 Zone 3 170 Zone 4 190 Zone5 233 Zone 6 233 Totally 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was not involves any defects or damages in the printed circuit board. Figure 3.3.4.1a printed circuit board after reflow SET UP EVENT DETECTOR The constructed PCBs were connected with event detector by ribbon data cable. Ribbon cable addressed according to `Analysis tech STD series event detectors manual . pins 1 to 32 function as source point and pins 33 to 37 function as ground point. To obtain closed loop circuit to monitor the behaviour of PCB components, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to channel 1,2,33 and 34 respectively. Ribbon cable After connected ribbon cable with event detector and enviromenrt chamber, channels are assigned in WIN DATA LOG software which supplied with event detector. For this test following settings define for data acquisition INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT UNDER VIBRATION CHAMER In this study, PCBs were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyse the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random vibration loading. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration levels to assess the solder joint reliability subjected varying G-level vibration loads(G is the gravitational acceleration), respectively. Vibration tests were accomplished by using an electro dynamic Shaker

Charlotte Perkins Gilmans Cupid in the Kitchen Essay -- Cupid

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Cupid in the Kitchen      Ã‚  Ã‚   As a reader in the 1990's it's tempting to see Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Cupid in the Kitchen" as revolutionary and ahead of its time. She proposes the complete professionalization of the nutritive and execretive functions of society, a radical, if not revolutionary notion. However, in the light of the fin-de-siecle birth of the modern feminist movement, Gilman is but one voice in many crying for economic and social justice for women. In effect, the rhetorical situation of 1898 demanded and created this discourse as it does all discourse (Bitzer 5). Gilman's "Cupid" is a natural and elegant response to the conditions which created it: the continuing surplus of unmarried women in Britain and America as verified by census data, and the persistent injustice of the forced domestic servitude of married women.    One need only look as far as the literature of the 1890's to see that women's issues influenced the thinking of many intellectuals. The discourse of the period is obsessed with the proper roles for women, debate about suffrage, and considerations of what to do with all the "odd women" who couldn't find husbands. As early as 1860 census data indicated that more and more women were remaining single and unmarried (Showalter viii). In an essay written for The Edinburgh Review Harriet Martineau argued that because there were not enough husbands to go around, girls should be educated and trained to be self-supporting (Showalter ix). By the end of the century the numbers of unmarried women lacking economic support reached crisis proportions. This event, as much or more than any other, precipitated the feminist movement of the late nineteenth an... ... surprise. Economics drove the rhetorical situation in which "Cupid" was produced as it drives the rhetorical situation in which we return to Gilman for enlightenment now. Similarities in the rhetorical situations of reader, subject and author create the common ground that makes Gilman seem so topical, but it is the clarity of her vision and the simple logic of her proposition that makes her work so remarkable.    Works Cited    Bitzer, Lloyd F. "The Rhetorical Situation." Philosophy & Rhetoric 1.1 (1968): 1-14. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "Women and Economics: Cupid in the Kitchen." A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. ed. Lee A. Jacobus (Boston: St. Martin's, 1990) 208-19. Showalter, Elaine. introduction. The Odd Women, by George Gissing (New York: Pennguin, 1983) vii-xxvi.          *        

Case for Christ Essay

Dr. Jeffry McDonald was an ex-marine standing trial for killing his family. He did not think the jury would find him at fault because he had an alibi. However, his alibi did not stand up to scientific evidence. Dr. McDonald was sentenced based on blood and trace evidence that did not back up his alibi. In this case scientific evidence is introduced to prove or disprove the consistency of the gospels based on the discipline of archeology. Strobel turns to an archeological professional who has personal experience working digs in the Middle East. His name is John McRay. As Strobel seeks to stay independent in gathering the evidence he proposes a question to help him determine if McRay will exaggerate the role of archeology when it comes to determining the reliability of the gospels. McCray points out that archeology can bring forth evidence is presented to either explain or disprove evidence presented. In this chapter the search for opinions contrary to those already collected, which includes the opinions of Jesus Seminar, a self-selected group representing a small portion of New Testament scholars who believe Jesus did not say most of what is credited to him in the gospels. They also published The Five Gospels which include the traditional four plus a manuscript titled the Gospel of Thomas which was written in the second century. The author examines their claims to see if he can find reliable evidence to disprove these confusing opinions. To find answers he visits Dr. Gregory Boyd to gather evidence to the Jesus Seminar’s widely publicized views. Most skeptics take pride in their intellectual ability. Some people like to think that they have no beliefs. However, modern science has shown us that everyone has beliefs. Although people would like to think that everything we believe is based upon evidence and logic this cannot be. We become emotionally bound to our worldview, so much so that worldview changes occur rarely. Observational evidence became apparent that the universe was expanding. Inferring back in time revealed that the universe was merely billions of years old. The data eventually led to the â€Å"Big Bang† theory which is virtually universally accepted by modern day cosmologist. The idea that the universe could have gone through an infinite number of birth and deaths was shown to be false on the basis of the lack of amount of matter within the universe. So we have come to realize that the universe first began to exist 13 billion years ago. Atheists are left with a problem because their worldview requires all things have a cause to exist So logic says that the universe had a cause. Virtually all atheists say that this cause was some natural phenomenon. It is also possible that the cause of the universe was a supernatural intelligence, God. The problem gets worse for the atheist. The physical laws of the universe fall within very small ranges in order for life or matter to exist contradicting strong atheism. The prospect of finding a naturalistic cause for the origin of the universe is dreary since the laws of physics indicate that we will never be able escape the bounds of our universe to even look for the cause of the universe.

Race

Race Race appears very "natural" because it is normal to want to classify certainpeople into different groups to make it easier for us to understand. However, our skincolor was the reason that protected us from the environment. So basically, we are all thesame and we should not be put into certain categories of race just because we all camefrom different climates which affected our skin color. Our bodies just had to adapt to thesun's rays so therefore it is not natural to have different races.For example, most individuals are not white or black but brown .There is noracial category for being brown which is quite ironic if most people are brown. When youfill out an application you check off Hispanic, African American, or Caucasian. There is nomixed category on that application like African American and Caucasian.Furthermore, "brown skinned ancestors may have been shared by modern dayblacks and whites as recently as 10,000 years ago.Dennis Kearney (1847-1907), Irish-American politic...It is so infamous due to the fact that it was the first bill that discriminated against any one particular race. Restrictions on immigration may seem to have been eradicated from current history but that is an oversight. Even in the 'politically correct' society we live in today allows for these discrepancies, for in the Immigration Act of 1990 which brought up controls for immigration.Behind all these legal documents there are reasons that spurred these causes. Certain prejudices against certain races or religion. The prejudices were not always a color issue as the current immigration problems are. In the beginning it was primarily Europeans. In particular the Irish and German were thought of negatively. The percentage of the Irish in the Mid-Atlantic went from 45.9% in 1870 to 48.5 in 1930. Germans in 1870 went from 31.4% to 35.6% in...

Guide on How to Write a Deductive Essay A to Z!

Guide on How to Write a Deductive Essay A to Z! Introduction To begin with, deductive essays represent an effective method of evaluating student knowledge in different courses and reviewing their analytical skills. A deductive essay is a type of essay in which students are obliged to use deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the logical reasoning that uses general, factual premises to reach a specific conclusion. Therefore, deductive reasoning can be explained as an application of the general rules that are narrowed down until a certain conclusion is reached. For this reason, deductive reasoning is sometimes called bottom-down logic. Deductive reasoning is often implemented in real life when people use the facts of the common knowledge or the ones that are already known to them in order to reach a specific conclusion. Writing an effective deductive essay requires the writer to implement ones strong analytical skills into the construction of a deductive argument supported by sufficient evidence. This deductive essay writing guide will hel p you achieve the goal. The Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Writing Deductive reasoning is often contrasted with inductive reasoning because they represent opposite types of logical arguments. Deductive reasoning starts with the general facts and reaches specific conclusions. On the other hand, inductive reasoning reaches general conclusions by implementing specific observations. Unlike deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning allows the conclusion to be false. Therefore, the difference between deductive and inductive writing is that inductive writing fits the specifications of an inductive argument, whereas deductive writing follows the structure of a deductive argument. The Construction and the Structure of a Deductive Argument Students working on a deductive essay should learn to create a deductive argument based on deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is divided into three parts, including premise, evidence, and conclusion. The premise is the general fact that is applied in order to reach a conclusion. In a deductive argument, there could be a single premise or several premises at once. The premise provides a background for the logical argument. The second part of a deductive argument is the evidence. The evidence is a piece of more specific information that represents the subject of the analysis. The evidence is proof that one relies upon in an argument and a logical link between the premise and the conclusion. The evidence is based on a specific fact that is observed or analyzed by a student writing an essay. The presumption stated by the author of the essay should be backed up by credible information from scholarly sources. Finally, the conclusion is a summarized analysis of the argument that is based on combining the premises with the evidence that serves as a final proof of the premise. In deductive reasoning, the true premise is a guarantee for a true conclusion. Therefore, if the premises are not true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be true. The conclusion is supposed to be well-rounded and precise. There is a possibility for a deductive essay to have a multitude of credible conclusions. If this occurs, there is a need to choose the best possible conclusion and focus on explaining it to the reader of the essay. If the author of the essay chooses to focus on the multitude of conclusions, there is a risk for the essay to be out of the focus and not be understandable for the reader. The mathematical formula for deductive reasoning is as follows: If A = B, and B= C, then A = C. The Example of the Deductive Argument Premise: All humans are mortal. Evidence: Josh is a human. Conclusion: Josh is mortal. This is the basic example of deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning can become more complex if more premises are used in order to reach a conclusion. Types of Deductive Reasoning Used in Deductive Essays The deductive essays apply various styles of deductive reasoning, with each of them just as accurate as the other. Categorical arguments and propositional arguments are among the most widely used arguments in a deductive essay. Categorical arguments are the ones that include various items. These arguments usually implement common words and phrases, including none and all. A propositional argument is the style of an argument that uses the words â€Å"are,† â€Å"and,† â€Å"or,† â€Å"I,† and others. Propositional arguments can be described as the arguments that manage the sentences in which they are used. The Deductive Essay Writing Tips from Our Writers A writer of a deductive essay has to make sure that the attention of the reader remains focused on the deductive argument and is not dragged away to less essential aspects of the deductive essay. The requirements for the writing style include accurate sentence structure and the use of correct grammar. While there are typical requirements for all kinds of essays and not just deductive ones, appropriate sentence structure and grammar are especially important for the deductive essays because they demonstrate the analytical skills of the writer. The deductive essay requires the writer to apply superior analytical skills because they constitute the main aspect that is checked by the instructor. The ability to express ones analytical skills with language tools is another point that is being evaluated by the instructor. The deductive reasoning usually follows a clear and logical structure that is easy to follow for any reader. Each of the essay paragraphs focuses on a particular aspect of the argument, using detailed evidence. The most important part of the essay is the support of the conclusion. The conclusion cannot be simply stated without the appropriate support because it is likely to be weak in such a case. The deductive essay requires the author to remain objective and logical throughout all steps of writing. Choosing a Topic of a Deductive Essay Picking a topic is an important preliminary step of writing the deductive essay. In case there is a possibility to pick the topic, one should choose the topic that he or she does not feel overly emotional about. The best strategy for the author is to pick the topic one is interested in but does not have a strong opinion on. The reason for this is that it is quite difficult for people to stay objective about the issues they are opinionated about. Therefore, the students should treat the writing of the deductive essay as the opportunity to learn something new about an interesting subject rather than the ability to prove a certain point that the author of the essay cares for. In science, deductive reasoning is often applied in mathematics and physics. Among the disciplines that are considered to be humanities, deductive reasoning is more often implemented in philosophy. Therefore, it is natural for students to pick the topic of a deductive essay that is related to philosophy. However, the spectrum of deductive reasoning is quite broad; therefore, the topic of choice can be related to the variety of different disciplines. Common subjects that represent the basis for developing an effective deductive essay include political science, history, sociology, ethics (including bioethics), futurism, education, technology, and others. The implementation of deductive reasoning in deductive essays makes it possible for the students to choose the topics that effectively analyze current and future trends related to society. Therefore, deductive reasoning is at its best when it is applied to the topical discussions of the contemporary world. Deductive essays can contrast several phenomena or investigate a single phenomenon in depth. Some of the potential topics of a deductive essay include: Drug Dealing in Columbia; The Ethical Aspects of Human Cloning; Democracy vs. Authoritarian State; Communism vs. Capitalism; The Impact of the Universal Basic Income on the Economy; The Implications of the Governmental Intervention into the Life of the Chinese Citizens; The Ethical and Scientific Aspects of the Genetic Engineering; The Politics and the Ideology Behind the Arab Spring; Love VS Habit; Should Humans Strive to End Aging-Related Diseases? Should Toddlers Be Exposed to Technology from the Beginning of Their Lives? The Implications of the South Thailand Insurgency The Structure of a Deductive Essay Similarly to the typical argumentative essay of any type, the deductive essay consists of an introduction, supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion that reveals premises, evidence, and the conclusion of the deductive argument. Introduction The introduction of a deductive essay presents the basic most essential aspects of the argument that is being investigated. It is important for the effective deductive essay to avoid generalizations and to base the presentation of the topic on the facts that are thoroughly investigated. One of the most important parts of the deductive essay is the thesis statement that summarizes the major arguments that are made in the essay and wrapped up in the essays conclusion. Your thesis statement has to be clear and concise, without any unnecessary details added. All in all, a thesis is a short statement that reflects the conclusion of an argument and the reasoning behind it. Supporting Paragraphs The supporting paragraphs of the essay should investigate the facts found in the premises and the evidence of the deductive argument. For the convenience of a reader, the facts should be investigated one-by-one in each of the paragraphs. It is important not to overflow each of the paragraphs with too many arguments for the essay to keep its precise and logical structure. Conclusion Finally, the conclusion of the deductive essay should coincide with the conclusion of the deductive argument based on the research of the evidence and drawings from the premises of the argument. After the conclusion of the deductive argument is made, the author can expand the conclusion of the essay by offering possible directions the argument can take in the future. However, there is a need to keep the conclusion logical and concise without diving into the multitude of future possibilities that cannot be supported by evidence. If one chooses not to dive into the future possibilities while concluding the essay, there is a possibility to end it by stating the possible implications of failing to solve the issue discussed in the deductive essay. If the writer chooses to follow this pathway, he or she should remain logical and concise in the process of ending the essay, without drawing the attention away from the conclusion of the deductive argument. The conclusion of the deductive argument has to remain an integral element of the deductive essay conclusion that cannot be overshadowed by other statements made in the final part of the essay. The Post-Writing Steps of Working on a Deductive Essay The post-writing peculiarities related to the writing of a deductive essay focus on the elements that are directly related to the writing process itself. Therefore, the writer should pay attention to the logical flow of the essay, the sentence structure, the use of the language, the adherence to the basic grammar rules, and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of the argument that demonstrates ones analytical ability. The proofreading of the deductive essay should begin with analyzing the flow of the argument since the argument is the central part of the essay. The effective and correct premises, evidence, and conclusion form the basis of an excellent deductive essay. Even though the linguistic elements of such essay are considered important, the flow, structure, and support for the argument are superior. Therefore, the author should begin proofreading with analyzing the argument and conclude it with the analysis of grammar, sentence structure, and the additional elements of the w riting. The referencing of the paper is an essential final step of working on a deductive essay. The writer should strive to use peer-reviewed credible sources that back up ones evidence, including books and scientific sources. News articles and other sources can sometimes be used sparingly if they fit the context and the topic of a particular deductive essay. It is important for the writer to distinguish between ones patterns of thinking and the sources that support this pattern. Original thinking is an integral part of the deductive essay, and the author cannot simply rely on the sources regardless of their credibility. Apart from the specific characteristics that one should draw attention to while working on the deductive essay, the process of editing and proofreading of such essay is similar to editing and proofreading of an analytical essay. The author should analyze every paragraph of the essay and look for grammatical mistakes, mechanical errors, and the issues related to the sentence structure. If one selects an appropriate topic, constructs an effective deductive argument, supports it with the proper evidence, reaches the logical conclusion, follows the requirements for the structure of an essay, and effectively proofreads it, he or she is likely to create a deductive essay that will secure the student with an excellent academic score. References Bradford, A. (2017). Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html Deductive essay writing help, ideas, topics, examples. (2018). Retrieved from https://essayinfo.com/essays/deductive-essay/ How to Write a Deductive Essay?. (2018). Retrieved from writeawriting.com/essay/how-to-write-deductive-essay/ What is deductive reasoning? (2018). Retrieved from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/deductive-reasoning/

Field work project with comparision between Buddhism and Christianity Essay

Field work project with comparision between Buddhism and Christianity - Essay Example are closely to the Ten Commandments which have set out law for centuries: for Jews in the time of Moses, then later for disciples of Christ, and even for Christians today (Huston Smith, 1991). The Five Moral Precepts include the refraining of murder, thievery, sexual misconduct, lying, and the consumption of intoxicants. Similarly, the Ten Commandments call for abstention of killing, stealing, adultery, as well as dishonesty. Although the Ten Commandments consist of more than these immoral actions, these aspects of Christianity and Buddhism were designed based on similar beliefs. Spiritual commonalities that exist between Buddhism and Christianity are the maintaining of religions documents and teachings, the support and trust which its followers place in the individuals who promote these teachings, as well as the central belief in a perfect redeemer. At the heart of Christianity is the belief in Jesus Christ, the Messiah, Son of God, the Savior. For Buddhists, this savior is Buddha. Both religions also place a great deal of trust in documents, as well as the people who preach its contents. Buddhists rely on a set of teachings known as the Dharma. This is similar to Christian Scriptures, the Bible, which plays an important role in the Christian faith. Finally, the Buddhists who teach the Dharma, and the history of the faith are known as the monastic community. This community is found in Christianity as well, in the form of convents and seminaries where priests and nuns reside. Lastly, another similarity between Buddhism and Christianity is their shared belief in suffering and its original cause. Buddhists believe that suffering exists and that there is no escaping that reality (Huston Smith, 1991). The First Noble Truth explains the Buddhist belief on suffering. The Buddha identifies all major transitions in life as experiences of suffering. Birth, aging, sickness, and death produce pain for the one undergoing the change. Christians have a similar way of looking

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Final - Essay Example Driven by the need to nurture my abilities and address my weaknesses I have focused on the resources addressed throughout this semester. Throughout the course, I have realized that I have what it takes to be a leader. This has been informed by various leadership tests I have taken and the reasonably high scores I have registered. However, lack of a guide and a model through which I can nurture the requisite skills has been a major challenge. All the same, I can now recognize a leadership theory that provides a rationale on what I need to work on to be a respectable and inspiring leader. This theory has also been critical in providing a means through which I can construct certain strategies that would provide a means of developing the attributes associated with the type of leader I envision. Authentic leadership theory is a contemporary leadership theory. It emerged in the late 1990s from a broad field of scientific inquiry that highlights positive organizational phenomena leading to enhanced human well-being (Marquis & Huston, 2009). The theory enforces that for one to be considered a leader he must be true to himself and his values and act accordingly. This explains why some scholars also refer to it as congruent theory this is because the leader must match his activities, deeds and actions with his values, beliefs and principles. There are five characteristics which differentiate an authentic leader with the other leaders. The first characteristic is purpose. An authentic leader understands clearly both his purpose and passion. This understanding is nurtured by an ongoing process of self reflection and self awareness. The second characteristic is values, an authentic leader has a clear link between purpose and passion as this is informed and sustained by a clear matc h with his beliefs and actions (Nichols, 2008). The other characteristic is heart an authentic leader looks after his own affairs and has a genuine concern for the